Hamlet Themes and Literary Devices

William Shakespeares Hamlet is considered of the most thematically-rich works of literature in the English language. The tragic play, which follows Prince Hamlet as he decides whether to revenge his fathers death by murdering his uncle, includes themes of appearance vs. reality, revenge, action vs. inaction, and the nature of death and the afterlife. Appearance vs. Reality Appearance versus reality is a recurrent theme within Shakespeare’s plays, which often question the boundary between actors and people. At the beginning of Hamlet, Hamlet finds himself questioning how much he can trust the ghostly apparition. Is it really the ghost of his father, or is it an evil spirit meant to lead him into murderous sin? The uncertainty remains central to the narrative throughout the play, as the ghosts statements determine much of the narrative’s action. Hamlet’s madness blurs the line between appearance and reality. In Act I, Hamlet clearly states that he plans to feign madness. However, over the course of the play, it becomes less and less clear that he is only pretending to be mad. Perhaps the best example of this confusion takes place in Act III, when Hamlet spurns Ophelia leaving her utterly confused about the state of his affection for her. In this scene, Shakespeare brilliantly reflects the confusion in his choice of language. As Hamlet tells Ophelia to â€Å"get thee to a nunnery,† an Elizabethan audience would hear a pun on â€Å"nunnery† as a place of piety and chastity as well as the contemporary slang term â€Å"nunnery† for brothel. This collapse of opposites reflects not only the confused state of Hamlet’s mind, but also Ophelia’s (and our own) inability to interpret him correctly. This moment echoes the broader theme of the impossibility of interpreting reality, which in turn l eads to Hamlets struggle with revenge and inaction. Literary Device: Play-Within-a-Play The theme of appearance versus reality is reflected in the Shakespearean trope of the play-within-a-play. (Consider the often-quoted â€Å"all the world’s a stage† remarks in Shakespeare’s As You Like It.) As the audience watches the actors of the play Hamlet watching a play (here, The Murder of Gonzago), it is suggested that they zoom out and consider the ways in which they themselves might be upon a stage. For example, within the play, Claudius’s lies and diplomacy are clearly simple pretense, as is Hamlet’s feigning madness. But is not Ophelia’s innocent acquiescence to her father’s demand that she stop seeing Hamlet another pretense, as she clearly does not want to spurn her lover? Shakespeare is thus preoccupied with the ways we are actors in our everyday life, even when we don’t mean to be. Revenge and Action vs. Inaction Revenge is the catalyst for action in Hamlet. After all, it is the ghost’s injunction to Hamlet to seek revenge for his death that forces Hamlet into action (or inaction, as the case may be). However, Hamlet is no simple drama of vengeance. Instead, Hamlet continually puts off the revenge he is supposed to seize. He even considers his own suicide instead of killing Claudius; however, the question of the afterlife, and whether he would be punished for taking his own life, stays his hand. Similarly, when Claudius decides he must have Hamlet killed off, Claudius sends the prince to England with a note to have him executed, rather than doing the deed himself. In direct contrast to the inaction of Hamlet and Claudius is the forceful action of Laertes. As soon as he hears of his father’s murder, Laertes returns to Denmark, ready to wreak revenge on those responsible. It is only through careful and clever diplomacy that Claudius manages to convince the enraged Laertes that Hamlet is at fault for the murder. Of course, at the end of the play, everyone is revenged: Hamlet’s father, as Claudius dies; Polonius and Ophelia, as Laertes kills Hamlet; Hamlet himself, as he kills Laertes; even Gertrude, for her adultery, is killed drinking from the poisoned goblet. In addition, Prince Fortinbras of Norway, who was searching for revenge for his father’s death at Denmark’s hands, enters to find most of the offending royal family killed. But perhaps this fatally interlocking network has a more sobering message: namely, the destructive consequences of a society that values vengeance. Death, Guilt, and the Afterlife From the very beginning of the play, the question of death looms. The ghost of Hamlet’s father makes the audience wonder about the religious forces at work within the play. Does the ghost’s appearance mean Hamlet’s father is in heaven, or hell? Hamlet struggles with the question of the afterlife. He wonders whether, if he kills Claudius, he will end up in hell himself. Particularly given his lack of trust in the ghost’s words, Hamlet wonders if Claudius is even as guilty as the ghost says. Hamlets desire to prove Claudiuss guilt beyond all doubt results in much of the action in the play, including the play-within-a-play he commissions. Even when Hamlet comes close to killing Claudius, raising his sword to murder the oblivious Claudius in church, he pauses with the question of the afterlife in mind: if he kills Claudius while he is praying, does that mean Claudius will go to heaven? (Notably, in this scene, the audience has just witnessed the difficulty Claudius faces in being able to pray, his own heart burdened by guilt.) Suicide is another aspect of this theme. Hamlet takes place in era when the prevailing Christian belief asserted that suicide would damn its victim to hell. Yet Ophelia, who is considered to have died by suicide, is buried in hallowed ground. Indeed, her final appearance onstage, singing simple songs and distributing flowers, seems to indicate her innocence—a stark contrast with the allegedly sinful nature of her death. Hamlet grapples with the question of suicide in his famous to be, or not to be soliloquy. In thus considering suicide, Hamlet finds that â€Å"the dread of something after death† gives him pause. This theme is echoed by the skulls Hamlet encounters in one of the final scenes; he is amazed by the anonymity of each skull, unable to recognize even that of his favorite jester Yorick. Thus, Shakespeare presents Hamlet’s struggle to understand the mystery of death, which divides us from even seemingly the most fundamental aspects of our identity.

Social Learning Theory And Social Theory - 1133 Words

There are many theories in the field of criminology that seek to explain the reasons behind why people commit crimes. Social process theory is one such theory and asserts that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others (Schmalleger, 2012). There are four types of social process theories including: social learning theory, social control theory, labeling theory, and dramaturgical perspective. This paper will explore two of the theories including social learning theory and social control theory. The paper will discuss social process theory and the history of its development, the theory’s importance to criminology, examples of the theory, and any positives or negatives associated with the theory. Theory and the History of its Development Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory is the process that occurs through observing the consequences of others and by determining if such behavior is worth replicating (Wallace, n.d.) Basically this theory suggests that humans learn by watching others. Social Learning Theory was developed in the 1930’s by Theorists, Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, Ronald L. Akers, and Daniel Glaser. These theorists developed the learning theory by recognizing patterns of criminal behaviors and the types of values that went along with criminals, the way they lived and communicated which they called differential association (Schmalleger, 2012.) Another theorist that has helped in the development of theory is Albert Bandura. BanduraShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of The Social Learning Theory2061 Words   |  9 PagesThe act of learning is an innate characteristic belonging to people across the globe. Learning can take place in many different forms (reading, writing, speaking, listening, excellency in a particular skill, etc.) and settings, generalizing from one content area to another. 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Social control theory and social learning theory suggest what makes us do the deviant behavior and what makes it different from one person to another. They both have to do with the world around us, but have different views on how you portray yourself from that. Social control is how you interact with society, and it suggest that if you are close to society you will have good behaviorRead MoreObservational And Social Learning Theory Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesActivity #1: Observational/Social Learning Theory The purpose of this paper is to discuss the validity of the Observational/Social Learning Theory. I will investigate what the observational/social learning theory is and its use in an everyday classroom environment. I will also relate this learning theory to any relevant Saint Leo core values. What is the observational/social learning theory? The observational learning theory, sometimes called the social learning theory, states that an individualRead MoreExplain the Social Learning Theory1737 Words   |  7 PagesExplain the Social Learning Theory, making reference to two relevant studies. By Tanisha Sabhaney Behaviouristic theories of learning are essentially theories of conditioning and emphasize the role of reinforcement in learning. One of the mot predominant theories is Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, which assumes that. People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors which is called observational learning, that is an indirect form of learning known asRead MoreEvaluation of Social Learning Theory1634 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluation of Social learning theory In this essay, I will try to evaluate Social learning theory as originated by Albert Bandura. 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An individual will learn from the consequences of these actions and when a similar situation arisesRead MoreEssay on Social Control Theory vs. Social Learning Theory1979 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Control Theory vs. Social Learning Theory Abstract Social control theory and social learning theory are two theories that suggest why deviant behavior is chosen to be acted upon by some individuals and not others. Both take a different stance on the issue. Social control theory suggests people’s behavior is based on their bonds to society, if they have strong bonds to society they conform and if not they have a tendency to act out or become involved in criminalRead MoreBandura s Social Learning Theory969 Words   |  4 Pagesthat make the most sense in the world. Something like the social learning theory was overlooked. But it has provided such great insight as to why we do certainly in our lives. Bandura’s theory has paved the way to many studies and has open our minds to the possibility that we affect each other in a way we would not imagine. I believe that this theory can shape a lot of people s lives. I agree with Albert Bandura’s social learning theory by modeling and in this paper, I will present an argu mentRead MoreSocial Learning Theory and The Effect of TV Violence on Children2115 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Learning Theory and The Effect of TV Violence on Children In the United States children watch an average of three to fours hours of television daily (Cantor Wilson, 1984, p. 28). Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior. Unfortunately, much of todays television programming is violent. Studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children may become insensitive to violence. Consequently, they tend to gradually

Geology 10 Essay Example For Students

Geology 10 Essay Mass wasting is a phenomenon that has resulted in over one million deaths and billions of dollars of damage in its recorded history. Mass wasting is classified by the rate at which debris moves down slope. For instance, rockfalls move at speeds of over thirty-MPH, while mudslides travel at around twenty MPH. This field trip explored two translational slides; one at the Gros Ventre River in Wyoming, and the other at the Madison River in Montana. In Wyoming, the slide was caused by the clay and silt being saturated by rain and melt water, and occurred on a slip plane almost parallel with the slope. 40 million cubic meters of debris was moved and deposited almost 300 feet up the opposite slope. The debris caused a natural dam that created a lake, but the dam eventually failed, causing a nearby town to be nearly destroyed. In Montana, the slide was triggered by an earthquake. As in Wyoming, the debris caused a natural dam, but the Army Corps of Engineers breached the dam to prevent failure. The rock that was displaced was mostly schist and gneiss, which is unstable. The critical thinking section asked you to place a development. The northeast quadrant was the best because it had the proper amount of rainfall, a slope that was not too steep, and dense foliage. All of these are factors that help prevent landslides. This fieldtrip takes us to the city of South San Francisco. This city has a diverse economy that includes tourism and technology. Also, the residential areas of town are separated from the commercial areas. There are also a good number of recreational and educational facilities in the city. As far as ethnic diversity, there are many types of ethnic groups spread throughout the city; there are really no ethnic boundaries as there are in bigger, older cities. There is a great deal of diversity in the physiography of the region. The eastern part of the city is made of filled land and subject to liquefaction. The western part of the city is quite hilly and poses a landslide threat. Both sections, however, are earthquake hazards. Once again, in the critical thinking section you are asked if a development should be approved, based on landslide threat, earthquake threat, population density, and water supply. In this case the development should be denied due to the landslide threat of the area. There seems to be ample water supply, and the population density is not a problem as in many areas of California. Also, earthquake threat is not a serious concern in this region. Bibliography: .

The Burden of a Happy Childhood free essay sample

The Burden of a Happy Childhood In â€Å"The Burden of a Happy Childhood† Cantwell described her grandparent’s house, the three story Victorian house her family lived in during her childhood life. There are so many great things she has experienced, like having a bird as a pet. After a morning dip on the beach, she had a playful moment with her grandfather in his beautiful garden; he washed her feet to remove the sand from her feet. As she grew older, all the images of those special moments still captured in her heart. I agree with Mary Cantwell, I moved from Vietnam when I was twelve years old.I really had great memories of my childhood I took a long walks to my grandmother house, bike rides to school, the farm that we lived on. My father cooked vegetables that he grew in the backyard. As Derby Evening, he shared how he liked to listen to his childhood stories, â€Å"I enjoy hearing about my childhood memories. We will write a custom essay sample on The Burden of a Happy Childhood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Evening). I have the same habits as Evening. I liked to feel the breeze on my face when my mother fans on me before bed time. During the moon-soon season I liked listening to the rain drops and feel the warm of my mother’s arms around me.During the New Year, my mother didn’t have money to buy new clothes she cut her gowns and remade the clothes for me. I was so happy because I got new clothes to wear for new years. The special moments I have had from my childhood that I’m so close to my parents and my siblings because of my strong family with the meticulous cares from my parents similar to Mary’s article. My parents had sacrificed so much for my family. We will care and love, and protect each other no matter what happens. I agree with Mary Cantwell, she has a special places, people and memories in her childhood life those memories will remain in her heart forever.It’s the most grateful memories that I have had also. It will never wash away from me even the years ahead passing by. I am blessed to have the greatest parents who have done so many great things that make who I am today. Works Cited Cantwell, Mary. Backpack Writing with Readings (The Burden of a Happy Childhood). New York: Longman, 2008. 10 Apr. 2011. Evening, Derby. Memories of Childhood and Summer Days at Lake Side. General Reference Gold. (2011): Text available Full Text. Web. 10 April 2011. Garrity, Mary. â€Å"Home Style: O Christmas Tree. Scripps Howard News Service- 29 November 2010. NewsBank. Web. 10 April 2011.

Elegy written in a country Churchyard Essay Example

Elegy written in a country Churchyard Paper Pastoral, taken from the Latin Pastor, meaning Shepherd, refers to literary work dealing with shepherds and the rustic, countryside lifestyle. The pastoral represents more of an idealized view rather than that of a realistic one. If we would copy Nature, it may be useful to take this idea along with us, that pastoral is a version of what they call the Golden Age [The poet must] use some illusion to render a pastoral delightful; and this consists in exposing the best side only of a shepherds life, and in concealing its miseries. (Pope, A Discourse on Pastoral Poetry. In Butt, John, ed.[1963] The Poems of Alexander Pope. London: Routledge) This extract taken from Popes comments on the pastoral can be seen very vividly in his poem Spring. In contrast to this, Stephen Ducks The Threshers Labour attempts to show the actual working class lifestyle of the time. There are many topics associated with the pastoral poem, including love and seduction, shown in Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd To His Love and death and mourning. The elegy is an important group of the pastoral theme, and conventional features include the expression of grief, the praise of the dead, and the effects of death upon nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Elegy written in a country Churchyard specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Elegy written in a country Churchyard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Elegy written in a country Churchyard specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thomas Grays poem Elegy Written In A Country Churchyard portrays the pastoral ideal by using several different images. To begin with, the title itself suggests someone mourning for someone else, and remembering their life and work in a lonely, solitary churchyard. A reading of the poem shows that Gray suggests that even though a person is from this rustic lifestyle, anonymous and uneducated, they are more than likely to have had a life filled with joy and will be remembered just like those who are rich, powerful or famous. He also mentions that grand memorials are no greater than a simple grave marker. In the end, even if you are poor and unknown, or rich and famous then all that counts is friendship. He gave misry all he had, a tear, He gaind from Heavn (twas all he wishd) a friend (Lines 123 124) Gray shows us an image of a lifestyle that was firmly embedded in his readers mind. It does however, state the fact quite clearly that these people were born into this lifestyle and were taught this way of living because of who they were. They could have been born rich and done nothing great with their lives, but they were born into a rustic lifestyle and were great and glorious because of what they did within their life. The tolls are a sound made by a bell being rung extremely slowly, announcing the death of a person, who has parted from this life over to death. It seems that Gray does not want the reader to be in the poem and distances the reader from the poem and the scene by placing himself in it. The speaker is alone, in the solitary churchyard awaiting the end of the day when he is left to the the world and darkness (Line 4). This darkness can be seen as an everlasting sleep, the darkness of death. There are religious themes throughout the poem in which Gray uses an image of monastic lifestyle, alongside that of the countryside lifestyle.

Moral Autobiography Essays

Moral Autobiography Essays Moral Autobiography Essay Moral Autobiography Essay Over the years have learned to become more accepting and inclusive of all sexual orientations and overall worldviews. This can be seen particularly in my top points on the hermeneutic circle and how I have used my social location to influence my views on justice and sexuality. The hermeneutic circle is a tool that can be very easily related to the life that have lived so far. This ranges from academic to personal to employment. Having a wide variety of points on the hermeneutic circle is something I see as a vital part of who I am, and ultimately makes up who I am today. The first point on the hermeneutic circle that I believe is apt to my life is the very first one. What is the community of accountability for me in my life? I personally serve many roles to please other people. The first example would be in my service organization. Am the District Secretary, and my job is to assist the District Governor with anything that they might need throughout the year. Rarely complete any task with the thought in mind of how it will affect me personally. On a more educational level, complete all my assignments to please my professors and abide by their rules or guidelines. NT simple write a paper how I choose to; I have to follow the guidelines that were set for the assignment. The next point on the circle would be the second one. What are some of my loyalties stated or implied? This point brings me back to my service organization I am a member of. Whenever people ask me to describe myself, I begin with a member of this organization because I am loyal to them a nd their mission. It is something will always believe in and stand by. Another think I would say, but very different, would be that am Irish American. I identify as an Irish American because I am loyal to my family and their roots, but also to the fact that I was born in America and am an American Citizen. What attitude toward social change is being exemplified by my life choices? This is the next point that relates to my life. I believe that social change in America is desirable by the majority of Americans, however it is something we have trouble figuring how to do. Myself believe that we need social change, but also have a strong feeling it will not happen. Many people are stuck on what happened in the past, and need to move on to how to change the true. We can never change the past, and that is where us as Americans are getting stuck. The last point goes hand in hand with my next point pretty well in the context I see it in. What are my thoughts in regards to truth claims? I personally believe that there are never ways to 100% find the truth in situations and that goes back to social change. Any truth can be debated in the eyes of anybody because we are able to have our own opinions on things in todays society. Just because I believe that something is true, doesnt mean another person has to believe in its truth. Everyone is allowed to have their own opinions on things and each person can have their own idea of what is true and what is not. Along with that, all truths are open to examination and interpretations. Just because I believe that something is true doesnt mean I cant change my mind later on. Always allowing for possible revisions and re- imagination. The status of historical claims is something I see as a secondary method or way to explain my position or stance on situations. Ultimately believe that this goes back to the idea of social change and the past stopping us from moving forward. I believe that everything that has happened in the past, both historical and not, has made us the country we are today and we have no need to dwell on that past. When I am making claims always allow room for others to contest or disagree with what I have said, and never take offence if someone does. Being a member of such a service based organization we are always bouncing ideas off each other and giving each other feedback. I will admit that everyone contributes that one idea that changes the entire year and then there is always at least one idea which you regretted saying. Therefore I am always open to comments on my ideas and claims made. In my role as a Transition Leader at Default, I have constantly received feedback from my fellow peers, and value their input and opinions. Receiving feedback from others is a vital part of growing and is something I think everyone should use in their life. Knowledge comes from a multitude of places, and therefore there are many different types of knowledge. The main source of knowledge I use is from experiences. I always remember things that have tried before, ending both good and poorly. This is how I learn what to, or not to do, in the future similar situations. The other source Of knowledge I use is my peers. Learn from my fellow peers almost daily, and it is always so relatable. Having someone else around my age to help guide me through situations really helps during the tough times. All of these points from the hermeneutic circle are all dictated and influenced by my social location. Social location can consist of many different things but the one that define my location the most are my ethnicity, my economic class, and my gender. All three of these social location pieces play a ole of describing who I am as a person. When someone asks me what my ethnicity I am very proud to speak about that. I love being an Irish American, and would love that chance to learn more about my heritage one day. Having this outlook on my ethnicity has enhanced my ethical worldview in the way that I am very open and eager to explore new cultures and ethnicities. Just recently I had the opportunity to be fully immersed in the Arabic culture and the Muslim ethnicity. Allowing myself to open my eyes to new ethical worldviews has been a part of me that I have loved exploring the past few years. There is one thing that hinders this, and that is my economic class. I would consider myself to come from the middle economic class, as in I cant always afford everything my heart wants. I would love to take the time to expand my ethical worldview horizon, but I sadly cant afford to do so. I am never ashamed to say am from a middle class family, but sometimes it hurts your chances to take part in some amazing experiences. Hopefully one day the idea of economic class cannot be a factor when attempting to further your worldview, but as of right now it is hindering my ability. Finally, my gender is one that plays and interesting role in social location. I myself identify as a male and prefer masculine pronouns. However, over the past few weeks I have learned that not everyone is so simple. This is the reason that gender plays such a huge role in my eyes. I have never had any issues with my gender and it never accrued to me that others might while growing up. Gender is something is assigned to us, and is not something that we get to choose, and therefore almost always will have an effect on each persons social location. It doesnt matter what you identify as or what you prefer to be called, your gender will be your gender no matter what. All of these aspects of my social location all come together to help create my overall definition of the word justice. Justice is something that I do not fully believe in, however have defined it in a very clear way in my life. Justice is when the correct punishment or reward is assigned to an action completed by a human, animal, or entity. The problem I have with this is who gets to decide what is right and what is wrong? There has always been some grey rear when it comes to right and wrong because it is not always so clear. Also, in some situations we might say it is right and then someone else might consider it to be wrong. Should one person punish a person while someone else praises another? I do not believe that this will change until we come up with an ultimate way to clearly define something as right or wrong. Overall, everything that has any form of meaning in my life has formed together to make me the human being I am today. Will this be different then every single other human on the planet? Of course it will, but that is also makes us who we are.

Why does the financial industry need to be regulated Research Paper

Why does the financial industry need to be regulated - Research Paper Example A sound financial industry primarily involves deep, efficient markets, solvent, operational financial intermediaries and a legal framework that clearly defines the rights and obligations of all participants. Financial markets are the core of any financial system architecture, holding a central position as they are a real catalyst for the overall economic activity. Depending on country-specific factors, culture and historical traditions, but also on the globalization of markets, national financial systems have both special features and common elements. Academic literature provides a classification of financial systems as follows: Bank-dominated financial systems (the German-Japanese model); Capital-market dominated financial systems (the Anglo-American model). If analyzing the characteristics of the financial systems over the past 30 years, we note the shift from the traditional bank-based orientation towards capital markets. Crucial elements of this change are monetary and financial integration processes and financial innovation. As part of financial industry, the US financial companies enhance money flows by offering various services in different areas: accounting, bank and credit unions, consultancy, insurance agencies, investment banking, professional services, security brokers, venture capital. With combined annual revenue of almost $65 billion, the US accounting and fiscal industry sums more than 90,000 companies (Richardson). The leading players providing accounting services include Price Water House Coopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ernst & Young, KPMG and H&R Block. The same recent statistical data reveal the structure of the US banking system shaped by 8,000 commercial banks, 1,400 savings banks and 10,000 credit unions with combined annual revenue of $600 billion. Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, and Wachovia are the most powerful commercial banks. The US banking market is highly concentrated, 50 largest institutions spreading more than 60% of the financial industry. The credit union environment displays a fragmented anatomy with 6% of industry revenue, much lower than commercial banks percentage (80%) and closer to savings banks, with a share of 14%. Financial planning and consultancy services shape an industry with annual revenue of $15 billion split between 10,000 US firms. Morningstar, Value Line and units of financial services companies are in the top. In the field of insurance services, the 130,000 US units generate annual revenue of $85 billion, having as market leaders March & McLennan, Arthur J. Gallagher and Aon. Investment banking is served by 2000 companies with annual revenue of almost $110 billion, with the largest 50 firms holding 90% of the sector. Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs are the key competitors. The securities brokerage industry includes less than 4000 bodies, while the major players in investment companies are Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab, AG Edwards, and brokerage companies like Citigroup and Fidelity. Venture capital industry generates annual revenue of about $26 billion and has more than $250 billion under management. The most important companies include New Enterprise Associates, Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers, and Technology Crossover Ventures. Why does the financial industry need to be regulated? The empirical literature (Goodhart et al.) and practical experience point out three main reasons that justify government intervention in the financial industry: 1). Information asymmetry: unlike financial institutions, customers are much less informed, so that financial supervision aims to balance the situation; 2). Externalities: the collapse of an

How students understand the lectures notes Essay

How students understand the lectures notes - Essay Example According to Hughes and Suritsky (2006), students usually struggle to keep pace with their lecturers and more often not sure on what to take down as notes. Majority do not like asking their fellow students for fear of disclosing their disability making it even more difficult to understand these notes. Other students find it very difficult to understand lecturer’s notes because of the language used. Some lecturers, for example, use English when lecturing, but English is not their first language. Following such lecturer’s notes is incredibly hard unless one makes a lot of extra efforts. Other lecturers use coded language and short sentences that are difficult to follow. Some use shorthand abbreviation and symbols that are hard to understand. However, there are other students who understand lecture notes with ease. According to research that was carried by Trent University (n.d), there are certain things that a student should do before, during and after the lecture. Before the lecture student should reflect on the topic and anticipate what will be covered. More importantly, one should review the previous lectures notes and do the assigned readings to anticipate on their relationship with the next lecture. During the lecture, one should not necessarily write down anything that is given out. Listen carefully for the main points, and cue words used by the lecturer. Know what to write down, for example, new facts and points which the lecturer pauses on or repeats. In addition, develop your personal note taking system. For instance, develop your own abbreviations and symbols and learn to write notes in point form. Research shows students who leave lecture halls before time lose a lot of significant information of what they learn (Longman and Atkinson, 2009). Instead, one should review the tutors notes after it ends. Outlining all the main points and filling all the blank

Dispositions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dispositions - Essay Example This helps the teacher observe and learn the student’s individual strengths and weaknesses and assist them to improve appropriately (Calkins, 1983). The classroom environment is comfortable. This is evident through the seating arrangement and the overall outlook of the classroom. This tends to boost the students morale and enhances their learning and development. The group seems to be comfortable with each other and this is seen through the interactions that they have. This improves their learning capability because the learners are at ease. 1b). Instructional delivery The instructional delivery used in this class situation is, the teacher has invited the students to participate in the writing process and this improves students’ interest. Once the student has developed an interest in what they are learning, it becomes easier for the teacher to get through to them. The teacher has also monitored the subject of the course that would create an exciting experience for the s tudents. In the video, one of the students talks of how much they love mother’s day. This is a topic that would excite the children. During the learning process, another delivery method that the teacher used is to let the children share a fond experience, which is expressed with their writing. 2. Analysis, Exploration, and Reasoning 2a). Student-teacher interaction The student teacher interaction observed in this classroom situation is the one to one consultation that the teacher has with her students. The teacher seems to be attending to the students at an individual level. This improves the learning capability of the student. The students are actively participating in the teaching-learning activities. The teacher also ensures that there is participatory learning whereby each student actively participates and contributes to the lesson. The lesson is not teacher-centered. 2b). Tone of the teacher-student interaction The tone that the teacher uses is very friendly and slow, an d is geared towards making the children comfortable. When the students are in a learning situation, the kind of tone the teacher uses can determine the level of understanding of the students. The teacher also uses a tone which ensures that all the students hear and understand what is being said because the tone is loud enough (Bransford, Brown & Cocking, 2000). 2c). Level of student engagement with the lesson In the observed classroom, the students are engaged in many activities. One of the activities is drawing a picture of a place of their choice then writing about that place. This kind of student engagement is essential for their learning. After the sharing sessions, the other students are given a chance to discuss the work that has just been presented. This gives the student a chance to share their ideas and correct their fellow student. The students also get to learn from each other as they exchange vocabularies. Not all classrooms have this kind of engagement. 2d). Setting exp ectations for academic performance How the teacher reacts to the performance of a student substantially determines how the student will continue learning. The teacher has to set expectations for academic performance for every class. In the observed situation, the teacher does so by giving the students small tasks and letting the students share the work they have done. With this sharing the students can see what the other students have done. This helps the students not to feel discriminated due to their performance and instead try to be better. This kind of academic expectation does not interfere with the student’s self-esteem while helping them at the same time. The students are also expected to listen keenly to and strictly follow the

General ethics in film making

General ethics in film making Introduction Should the moral and ethical guidelines of documentary and mockumentary filmmaking be strictly adhered to if they impede on the overall artistic vision and message of the film? For the bases of this thesis I have chosen to answer this question through a discussion of the ethics of cinema vrit and the documentary/mockumentary style genre. In particular, I have chosen to focus my study on one film of this style of filmmaking. The 2006 film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, often referred to simply as Borat! (Borat the character and Borat! the movie (hereafter Borat!), is a mockumentary comedy film directed by American filmmaker Larry Charles and distributed by 20th Century Fox. (1) It was written, produced by, and stars the English comedian Sacha Baron Cohen in the title role of a fictitious Kazakh journalist traveling through the United States, recording real-life interactions with Americans. The character of Borat himself is distingu ished by exaggeratedly strong misogyny, anti-Semitism and antiziganism (racism against Romani people or gypsies), which is depicted as, apparently, the norm in his homeland of Kazakhstan. The character of Borat was originally created by Sacha Baron Cohen. He was used as a character for Da Ali G Show, a related satirical TV series starring Baron Cohen and featuring amongst others the title character Ali G and Borat. The first series of Da Ali G Show originally aired on Channel 4 in the UK in 2000. In the series, Baron Cohen carries out ridiculous interviews with unsuspecting people (including celebrities and high- ranking officials). (2.) This film Borat!, is shot in mockumentary style using handheld and often hidden cameras. A mockumentary is essentially a mock documentary, a parody of the earnest nature of the documentary genre (3). As a medium, it is most successful when the traditional documentary structure is maintained or exaggerated. Mockumentary filmmaking is made under much of the same genre rules as that of Cinema Vrit. Interviews in a mockumentary are deliberately tiresome, with the interviewers reaction shots obviously edited at a later date for either comic effect (4). Often, even the shooting and editing of a mockumentary compared to a genuine documentary is different. The sincere documentarian, such as Werner Herzog in Grizzly Man (2005) will edit any embarrassing, non-plot relevant or self-indulgent interviews before the point that the audience will laugh at the character. Grizzly Man documents Timothy Treadwells infantile affection for bears, his anger at society, his raging narcissism, his paranoia and finally the tragic deaths of Treadwell and his girlfriend (still .01) in October 2003. (.5) (still .01) Outtakes from Timothy Treadwells original video footage were later screened for the first time as part of the exclusive companion film. In order to put Treadwells experience into context.(6.) Whereas, the mockumentary filmmaker will intentionally leave these embarrassing edits in the finished film for comic effect. In doing so, the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by professional documentarians are, for the purpose of the film, overlooked so as to get the best result, joke, outrageous comment, or sound bite in most cases. An example of this is Michael Moores Roger and Me (1989) when Bob Eubank (still .02) host of US game-show The Newlywed Game is shown telling an off-color joke: Why do Jewish women never get AIDS? They only marry a**holes, they dont screw em. Eubanks claims that he only told the joke because he thought the camera was off. (7.) (still .02) Borat is part of a cinematic tradition of using mockery to diminish the power of political, social and cultural oppressors.(8.) This is done by exposing the absurdity of their control, much like past great films such as Charlie Chaplins The Dictator (1940) and Stanley Kubricks Dr.Strangelove (1964 ) Within the first chapter of this thesis, I define and address the core elements of cinema vrit and compare and contrast it to that of Direct Cinema and sincere documentary filmmaking. The moral code of ethics that filmmakers use as guidelines when first approaching the public as subjects for their films will also be addressed. For the basis of my second and third chapters, I take the case study of Borat! and form an argument around the mockumentary genre in relation to ethical dilemmas. In Chapter Two, I addres s the ethical oversights on the part of the filmmakers and the careless treatment of their subjects. I isolate and identify scenes and cases within the Borat! film as examples of how the filmmakers fail to respect the moral and ethical guidelines that inform other documentaries. By relating film practice to this established codes of ethics I show how the filmmakers jeopardized the rights of the people used in the film, such as the fraternity brothers and the residents of the village of Glod. I show one side of the argument in the second chapter. This argument explains with the use of examples, how the filmmaker has taken advantage of the subjects or in some cases used their likeness without proper informed consent(9.) in order to stay true to the artistic vision of the film. I look to detail the actions of both the subject and the filmmakers as well as the anatomy of the scene and the level of interaction and knowledge that the filmmakers offered the subject before participating in the project, if any. I also address the resulting effect on the subject. In doing so, I show that the filmmakers artistic vision and message, no matter how great or relevant, can have a long lasting negative effect on the subjects and participants of the film when they are duped into being pawns and unsuspecting foils to the main comedic actor playing a part with a hidden camera. The third chapter of the thesis, however, I show how the artistic vision was sincere and that the right to public freedom of speech was fairly used for the greater message and intent of the film. My goal is ultimately to present both sides of the same argument and through doing so, construct a complete and informed judgment on the moral and social goals of the film, as a satire, which I will present in my conclusion. This will prove that the actions of the filmmakers, although morally unethical, were still legal and artistically relevant. Borat! aims to set an important precedent that the artistic vision and the use of comedy or social satire are crucial to the success of the mockumentary genre of filmmaking. In the context of Borat! I choose specific examples, to address the intention behind the filmmakers conduct towards their subjects. Chapter One The Theory Of General Ethics Relating To cinema vrit And Direct Cinema In Modern Film Making. In this chapter I define the theory of ethics in relation to professional and employee ethics, in the relevant context of filmmaking. Because this thesis is about mockumentary filmmaking it will first help to establish the ethical foundations for the circles of filmmakers and other professionals working in this genre. When dealing with the subject genre of documentary and/or mockumentary filmmaking, it is first crucial is define a difference between the two. The word documentary was coined by Scottish documentarian John Grierson (10.) Griersons principles of documentary were that cinemas potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form and that the original actor or subject and original scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts to interpreting the modern world. A mockumentary is essentially a parody of the documentary nature of filmmaking and is successful when the structure of a traditional documentary is exaggerated. These films are not unlike the cinema vrit filmmaking style, was most prolific in 1960/70s French filmmaking and/or Direct Cinema films. Although the terms are often used interchangeably, cinema vrit and Direct Cinema are two distinct documentary film sub-genres. Direct Cinema rose from the French film movement of the 1960s that strove for candid realism by showing people in everyday situations with authentic dialogue (11.) Influenced by documentary filmmaking and Italian Neorealism, the method produced examples such as Jean Rouchs Chronicle of a Summer (1961) (12.) and Chris Markers Joli Mai (1962). (13.) A similar movement in the U.S, captured the reality of a person or an event by using a handheld camera to record action without narration, as in Frederick Wisemans Titicut Follies (1967) (14.) and the Maysles brothers Salesman (1969) (still .03)(15.) (still .03) There are subtle yet important differences among the terms Direct Cinema and cinema vrit. Direct Cinema is largely concerned with the recording of events in which the subject and audience become unaware of the cameras presence. Direct Cinema is essentially what is now called a fly on the wall documentary. Originating in the late 1950s, Direct Cinema was made possible by the advent of lighter, more portable cameras, which could be hand-held and operated with a very small crew.(16.) This lean shooting style allowed filmmakers to change locations and camera angles easily and spontaneously, which resulted in a degree of intimacy never before seen on screen to date. The Direct Cinema filmmakers role involves not attempting to change the outcome of the events. He or she is filming in an observational context and ideally should not use the film to advance any type of political or social agenda. Direct Cinema filmmakers are generally interested in accurate reporting, regardless of the outcome. Cinma vrit, which means Truthful Cinema, combines naturalistic techniques with stylized editing and camerawork. Scenes are sometimes staged and the camera is used to provoke subjects. (17.) It is also known for taking a provocative stance toward its topics. 13 Cinema vrit filmmakers, while still interested in the recording of true events, typically have an agenda in their work, which sets them apart from Direct Cinema. Michael Moores documentaries Roger and Me (1989) (still .05) and Bowling For Columbine (2002) are examples of modern cinema vrit. (still .04) (still .05) In recent years, these types of movies have often featured the filmmaker himself, as in the case of Borat! (still .04), taking part in the action onscreen. Cinma vrit involves stylized set-ups and interactions between the filmmakers and their subjects, even to the point of provocation, which in the case of Borat! will become apparent. The presence of the filmmaker and camera is used as a tool in a way to reveal the truth from the subject. The camera is obviously apparent and always acknowledged. It performs the raw act of filming real people and events in a confrontational and sometimes absurd way. This raises interesting questions about the illusion of cinema, while faced with these styles of filmmaking, the audience is forced to confront the paradox of the truth claim in documentary cinema by mixing direct documentation 14 (fact direct cinema) and reenactment with characters playing themselves (fiction cinema vrit) in order to suggest that perhaps they are one in the same. The cinema vrit filmmaker acts as the catalyst of the situation. A much discussed example of cinema vrit would be the film that will become the topic of discussion throughout the course of this thesis Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006) directed by Larry Charles and starring Sacha Baron Cohen. It is hardly surprising that documentary and mockumentary films present ethical problems, in relation to the royalty to the original artistic concept and vision of the filmmakers, to the audience as a willing participant and, of course, the filmed subject as the focus basis of the film. In order to regulate all parties, production companies operate from a code of ethics rather then a strict legal binding. Ethics are important, because they give people a shared basis of understanding in rela tion to the concepts of right and wrong. When the public is involved, it helps the filmmakers to have a ready understanding of how to react to a certain situation if some dilemma should arise. A Code Of Ethics is essentially a set of guidelines that are designed to set out acceptable behaviours for members of a particular group, in this case filmmakers. Generally, production companies and film crews govern themselves with a code of ethics, especially when they handle sensitive issues like likeness rights, taking the subjects life situation into the equation and interactions with other cultures. In addition to setting a professional standard, a code of ethics can also increase confidence in an organization by showing outsiders that, members of the organization are committed to following basic ethical guidelines in the course of doing their work.(18.) 15 The Code primarily consists of four overall ethical principles, Respect, Competence, Responsibility and Integrity. In relation to the respect for the rights and dignity of the person, this principle requires of filmmakers treat their clients as persons of intrinsic worth with a right to determine their own priorities, that they respect clients dignity and give due regard to their moral and cultural values(19.) Film makers should take care not to intrude inappropriately on clients privacy and as far as possible, they shall ensure that clients understand and consent to whatever professional action they propose. The second point is that of competence. Filmmakers must constantly maintain and update their professional skills and ethical awareness.(20.) They should recognize that the knowledge of their own expertise and capacity for work are limited, and take care not to exceed the limits. The third point is responsibility. In their professional activities, filmmakers are required to act i n a trustworthy, reputable and accountable manner towards clients (subjects) and the community. They shall avoid doing harm to clients and research participants, and act to prevent harm caused by others. (21.) They should act positively to resolve ethical dilemmas and they should also ensure that those whom they supervise act ethically. Finally the fourth point is integrity. Filmmakers are obliged to be honest and accurate about their intentions, the effectiveness of the services that they offer, and their research findings. They are expected to treat their subjects in a fair, open and straightforward manner, honour professional commitments, and act to clarify any confusion about the subjects role or responsibilities. Where possible, they shall avoid the use of deception with research participants. They shall not use the professional relationship to exploit clients, sexually or otherwise, and they shall deal 16 actively with conflicts of interest. They shall take action against harmful or unethical behaviour in colleagues or members of other professions.(22.) When considering the production of either a Cinema Vrit or Direct Cinema film, it is important to weight in the moral and ethical dilemmas that the filmmakers must deal with in relation to the subjects of the proposed film. Whereas the Code Of Ethics serves to provide civic guidelines, the consent form acts as the legally binding part of the agreement. A consent form is A document explaining all relevant study information to assist the study volunteer (subject) in understanding the expectations and requirements of participation in a (filming) clinical trial. This document is presented to and signed by the study subject. (23.) A consent form is only relevant when signed under informed consent by the subject. Informed Consent is typically a medico-legal term when referring to medical practice, it is a form signed by the patient (or in th is case: subject) for the benefit of the surgeon (filmmaker) to perform treatment (filming). By signing a consent agreement to filming, the subject is stating that he or she is fully aware of his or her condition and understand the reasons why filmmaking is taking place and that he or she has agreed to that being carried out. The opposite of informed consent is informed refusal, in which like the consent acceptance, the subject in this case may also choose to refuse. Another aspect of the ethical guidebook be to considered with in the role of cinema vrit or Direct Cinema filmmaking is the maxim known as The Golden Rule or Ethic Of Reciprocity that essentially states that One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself (24.) OR one should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated (negative form which is also called The Silver Rule.) 17 The Golden Rule is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, in which each individual has a right to just treatment, and a reciprocal responsibility to ensure justice for others. A key element of the Golden Rule in relation to documentary filmmaking is that the filmmaker, while attempting to film ethically treats their subjects with consideration, not just members of their crew. The Golden Rule is a moral and ethical guide; it is important to note that it is not strict legal merit. An objection to the Golden Rule is highlighted by Paul Treanor on his website, as he implies That I should transfer my perspective to the person affected, the one standing in front of me who will be affected by my action. But behind them may be another, who is affected by the person standing in front of me. (25.) These points have been highlighted in this chapter to give a wider insight into the ethical minefield that is taken on when entering into any practice with others f rom a professional and personal standpoint. As previously stated, these ethical codes have no legal bearing, but are relevant to all filmmakers when they engage with social actors for the purpose of making a cinema vrit or Direct Cinema film. It is the responsibility of all involved in the project to present a truthful and sincere front from the start. In the case of Borat!, the disagreements before and after filming from unwilling participants will highlight the misuse of these ethical codes and the results, both positive and negative. Chapter Two Subject Vs Artistic Vision The Ethical Responsibilities Of Borat! In Relation To Acquiring Consent From The Subject Within the context of mockumentary filmmaking, much like that of sincere documentaranians, the public are treated as social actors rather then fiction film performers. These subjects remain culturally relevent players. Their value as players resides not in the way they play a part but in a way their everyday behavior serves the needs of the filmmaker. But the question of garnering consent whether it be informed consent or consent defence, is an ethical maelstrom and this point is proven by the film Borat!. A film which managed simultaneously to offend Kazakhs, frighten Jewish Anti-Defamation Groups, annoy hypocritically thin-skinned Americans and spark off wide debate about its meaning and interpretation. Each filmmaker, production company and subject relationship works according to personal guidelines established either face-to-face or pre-organised and with mutual consent from each party. Precedents of ethical guidelines can only work to persuade the actions, so that each party is fully informed of the subject matter, representation and potential response of the subjects actions within the documentary which is done by acquiring informed consent. In the case of Borat! a variety of SLAPP cases have been brought against the filmmakers. The term Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation, known by the acronym SLAPP applies to a variety of different types of lawsuits, including those claiming libel, defamation, business interference, or conspiracy.(26.) Within the context of the film, the titular character Borat Sagdiyev is said to be from Kazakhstan. The Kazakhstan used in the film is a heavily fictionalized and satirized depiction of the former Soviet state. However, as it states in the (SLAPP) Defendants special motion to strike complaint record. Alarmed by the reportage of its fictitious reporter, the government of Kazakhstan launched a massive public relations an d diplomatic offensive, emphasizing its commitment to human rights and gender and 20 equality (27.) going so far as to release a four-page advertisement within the pages of The New York Times and to set-up presidential visits to the White House and 10 Downing Street. (still .06) Upon the release of the film the foreign ministry spokesman, Yerzhan Ashykbayev, told a news conference We view Mr. Cohens behaviour as utterly unacceptable, being a concoction of bad taste and ill manners which is completely incompatible with the ethics and civilized behavior of Kazakhstan people. (28.) Shortly before the release of the film too, the right to use the domain name www.borat.kz was suspended, and the site attached was closed down due to the site being hosted outside Kazakhstan and hosting false names.(29.) Kazakhstan was never actually filmed for the purpose of Borat! but rather used solely in namesake. Nicolae Todorache and Spiridom Ciorebea, residents of Glod, Romania, the village actually used to depict the satirized Kazakhstan (still .06), sued the filmmakers for 21 $30 million claiming they were misled into thinking they were participating in a documentary about the villages poverty and the rich heritage and belief system upheld by the inhabitants. Alan Rosenthal author of New Challenges In Documentary (1988) writes Consent is flawed when obtained by the omission of any fact that might influence the giving or withholding of permission. (30.) However, it is important to also state that the subject must not have been put under any pressure (coercion) to sway their decision, and that they reached a decision based on their full comprehension of the situation. So provided that those being filmed give their consent, where is the unethical behaviour? The morality lies in how the subjects are represented. The villagers in the town of Glod feel they were specifically targeted and portrayed in a negative manner and the lawsuit was filed on behalf of their entire village and Mr. Todorache, a one-armed man, who was seen wearing a sex toy attached to his st ump at the filmmakers request.(31.) The method of obtaining consent is stacked in the filmmakers favour. Rosenthal adds The ethical problem raised by such approaches is that they give the potential subject no real choice; the initiative and momentum of the situation favour the filmmaker. The presence of the film crew with official sanction is subtly coercive(32.). The film crew and equipment are all intimidating to be faced with for the person who has approached for the comment. The notion of consent defence, is another popular argument raised by Brian Winston in Lies, Damn Lies And Documentaries. He states, any measure of dubious or even unethical behaviour is justified after the event by the existence of the contract signed by the participant, the release form (33.). These agreements are in defiance of those who take the BSC Codes view (The BSC Code helps by providing a 22 framework of guidance into which, particular needs can be fitted,(34.) The guidance is for the general use of the professional consent defence for people (except minors or the mentally incapacitated) do know what they are doing. Coercion outside the law has expanded its meaning to embrace the idea of compulsion without physical treat. Often the consent defiance could be defended where the subject was uncomplaining or even benefited from their experience. But as Richard Andrew Hall states Did Baron Cohen really have to cross the pond to find such disturbing stereotypes?(35.) Surely, it would not be hard for him to find typical examples of racism in any other major ethnicly shared cities anywhere else in the world. So too, the film depiction of its anti-Semitism has also come into great debate amongst critics, audiences, the media and especially the Anti-Defamation League of America (ADL). The Anti-Defamation League, founded in 1913, is the worlds leading organization fighting anti-Sem itism through programs and services that counteract hatred, prejudice and bigotry towards Jewish people (36.). In one particular scene from Borat!, we see the titular character at a rodeo in Texas, performing a song directed towards Jewish people entitled In my country there is a problem that called on people to throw the Jew down the well, warning the public you must be careful of his teeth and that you must grab him by his horns to the delight of some members of the audience (still .07). 23 (still .07) While the ADL openly acknowledges that the film is a satirized and farcical characterization, they do state in a formal letter of warning to the filmmakers We are concerned that one serious pitfall is that the audience may not always be sophisticated enough to get the joke, and that some may even find it reinforcing their bigotry. (37.) Richard Andrew Hall states Baron Cohen heavily concentrated on the genuinely powerful, whether celebrities or those with money and power, but in Borat! he clearly started sliding towards pulling the piss out of more average citizens. Perhaps this is where he crossed the line. (38.) In 2005, a lawsuit was filed against the makers of the film and 20th Century Fox on behalf of two unsuspecting fraternity boys who claim they were duped into appearing in the spoof documentary. (39.) They were identified in the movie as fraternity members from a South Carolina University, and appeared drunk as they made insulting comments about women and minori ties to Cohens character. 24 The SLAPP lawsuit claims that in October 2005, a production crew took the students to a bar to drink and loosen up before participating in what they were told would be a documentary to be shown outside the United States. They were induced to agree to participate and were told the name of the fraternity and the name of their school wouldnt be used. After a bout of heavy drinking, the plaintiffs signed a release form they were told had something to do with reliability issues with being in the RV, their lawyer Oliver Taillieu states. (40.) The film made plaintiffs the object of ridicule, humiliation, mental anguish and emotional and physical distress, loss of reputation, goodwill and standing in the community. (41.) Although legally the participants have agreed to signing the consent, under the plaintiffs testimonies, it would appear that the filmmakers had intentionally duped the college students into appearing in the film with full, informed consent and it is impossible to defend the subject matter and opinions that the subjects raised while drunk, however, the filmmakers should be held accountable for putting the fraturnity boys in that situation and for provoking the racist and sexist responses they got. The filmmakers had knowingly overlooked the ramifications of the subjects actions on their lives after the films release and are guilty of negligent infliction of emotional distress. If the participant is fully aware of possible consequences and sees co-operation as a coherent political strategy, then the burden of the ethical dilemma has been lifted from the film-maker by the participant for his or her own ideological reasons. (42.) The Polish author of the blog Beatroot captured this well in a post on the Movania guidebook entitled Why is it that the only people liberals think its OK to laugh at these days are the white working class and Central and Eastern Europeans?(43.) In 25 the article he comments If this (sort of book) had been written about African people then, quite rightly, there would have been uproar and outrage. (44.) But it seems that Political Correctness extends to all groups these days except poor whites from urban, rural or semi-rural areas in America and Europe As Andrew Mueller notes in his review of the movie for Uncut MagazineWhat astonishes me about every Amercian he encounters is not their naivete, but their politeness, hospitality and the extraordinary degree to which Borat has to inflame situations to provoke reaction.(45.) Cynically, the consent form is simply a safeguard device or get-out-of-jail-free card, wheeled out by the filmmakers, against future lawsuits and liability. Production companies will claim that they ensure the participant is not being misled or manipulated by the filmmakers. Many times the consent form is a bureaucratic, legalistic detail, intent on absolving the production companies of responsibility. There to d issipate any whiff of coersion, it should not be used as a licence to knowingly take advantage of the everyday person. To weigh the ethical ramifications on a piece of paper is morally and ethically wrong.But they are also there to defend the filmmakers against the actions and reactions of the subjects and are predominantly responsible for some filmmakers avoiding litigation. The vast effects that the documentary could have on the lives of the subjects should be taken into account and not just betted against the contract. At the end of the film, it seems that in the case of Borat! that the usual disclaimer included at the end of the films credits states that before being considered for appearance in the film, all potential participants were required to sign long release forms, agreeing not to take legal action for any defamation of character or fraud 26 carried out during the films production. It states that all characters were fictitious, and also noted that no real person depicted or appearing in the film has sponsored or otherwise endorsed its contents. Before and following the universal release of the film in 2006, seven lawsuits had been filed against the production company, Baron Cohen and filmmakers for amongst others fraud, rescission of contract, common law false light invasion of privacy, statutory false light, appropriation of likeness and negligent infliction of emotional distress.(46.) 27 Chapter Three The Artistic Vision Vs The Subject In Reference to Borat! and The Use Of Humour to Expose Social Stereotypes and Bigotries. 28 As previously discussed in Chapter One, the Code Of Ethics acts as an ethical guideline for filmmakers, when it comes to such issues as garnering ethical consent or the valid use of likeness rights from a subject and the use of the public for the proposed project in a fair and informed manner. In this chapter I explore and reveal examples within the context of the film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (hereafter Borat!) of intentionally overlooking these so-called guidelines for the sake of making a work with the artistic vision and integrity solely taking the forefront of the creative process. Despite a limited initial release in the United States, the satire was a critical and commercial success. Baron Cohen won the 2007 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor: Musical or Comedy, as Borat, while the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture in the same category. Borat! was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 79th Academy A wards. On its release, Borat! boasted the highest-grossing opening ever for a picture playing at less than 1,100 theaters.(47.) Firstly, it is important to realize that there is public global interest in speech and opinions (such as the afore mentioned examples, previously discussed in Chapter Two) about American cultural values and attitudes towards anti-semitism, racism and sexism. Borat! as being part of a tradition of exposing and critiquing these American bigotries through the use of humour, seeks to expose these attitudes in their most debased forms and present them to the world an

Nursing careplan

Care plan: Spiritual Distress Nursing Diagnosis: Â  Spiritual Distress (potential for) relating to separation from religious and spiritual ties. Goal #1 Client will feel the need for a minister or priest. Nursing Rx 1a.Arrange for ministers or priests to visit the client. 1b. Encourage the client to express his/her feelings to the clergy in privacy. 1c.Request the clergy to give a spiritually encouraging talk to the client. 1d. Provide the client with religious books or objects that would make them feel more oriented towards religion or spirituality Goal #2 In a multi-cultural or multi-religion society, a client may feel that his/her religion is dying. In other words, the client may feel that a lot of people are embracing other religions. Nursing Rx 2a. Listen patiently to the client. 2b.Encourage the client to express his feelings. 2c.Help the client to make a list of the important aspects and the favorite practices of his/her religion. 2d.Assist the client in making a plan to make people embrace his/her religion so that they feel better. Goal #3 Client may feel the inability to perform the daily rites. Nursing Rx 3a. Provide the client with religious books and objects that will be comforting. 3b. Offer to read the religious books. 3c. Encourage the client to talk about his/her religion and the practices followed. Goal #4 Client may feel that he/she is worthlessness (due to hospitalization) and this may lead to spiritual disorientation. Nursing Rx 4a. Encourage the client to do small tasks that are possible. 4b. Prepare a plan with short-term goals. 4c. Comfort the client by reiterating the sense of worth and the accomplishments they have made during their life-time. 4d. Discuss with the clients the feelings of his hopelessness. 4e. Provide client with physical outlets to vent out their tensions. 4f. Encourage the client to have a positive outlook towards life. Goal #5 Clients may feel lonely and this may lead to spiritual disorientation. Nursing Rx 5a. Request family members and friends to visit the client regularly. 5b. Hold client’s hand if he/she is comfortable with touch. 5c.Interact verbally with the client a lot. 5d. Encourage client to talk to other clients if it is possible. Goal #6 Some clients may have been directly affected by Vietnamese war and this could lead to spiritual distress. Nursing Rx 6a. Assure the client that it is peace time and talk about the positive aspects of life. 6b. Help the client to overcome the feelings of being affected in the war. 6c. Encourage the clients to talk about their accomplishments and their goals in life. Goal #7 Client may point out the disturbances in the religion or the rituals or practices that he/she is opposed to in the religion. Nursing Rx 7a. Assist the client to make a list of important and unimportant aspects of his/her religion. 7b. Acknowledge the opposition of client to certain religious practices and rituals. 7c.Encourage the client to focus on the positive aspects of his/her religion.

Experiment to Investigate the Validation of Bernoulli’s Equation

TITLE Bernoulli's Principle OBJECTIVE experiment  is  done  to  investigate  the  validation  of  the Bernoulli’s  equation and also to measure pressure distribution along venture tube. INTRODUCTION This experiment is carried out to investigate the validity of  Bernoulli’s theorem when applied to the steady flow of water in tapered duct and to measure the flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a range of  steady flow rates.The Bernoulli’s theorem (Bernoulli’s theorem, 2011) relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. In order to demonstrate the Bernoulli’s theorem Bernoulli’s Apparatus Test Equipment issued in this experiment. THEORY †¢ Velocity of fluid is less fluid †¢ The fluid is incompressible and non- viscous †¢ There is no heat energy transferred across the boundaries of the pipe to the fluid as either a heat gain or loss. There are no pumps in the section of pipe For an ideal fluid flow the energy density is the same at all locations along the pipe. This is the same as saying that the energy of a unit mass of the fluid does not change as it flow through the pipe system. APPARATUS EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1, A inspection was done to ensure that the unit was in proper operating condition, so that the experiment will not consist of errors. 2, A hose had to be connected to the nearest power supply. 3, The discharged pipe was then opened. , The cap nut of the probe compression gland was set to such condition, that the slight resistance could be felt on moving the probe, and the water flow created a sound which also helps to determine the flow pressure (by hearing it ). 5, The inlet and outlet valve was then opened. 6, Then the pump was switched on and the main cock was relea sed slowly opened. 7, The vent valve on water pressure gauze was opened and outlet cock was closed with great care until pressure gauze was flushed. , By simultaneously setting the inlet and outlet cock, the water level pressure gauze was regulated, so that neither upper or the lower range limit was overshot or undershot. 9, Pressure at all point were measured and recorded. The overall pressure probe was moved to corresponding measurement level and the overall pressure was noted down. 10, The volumetric pressure flow was determined, by using stopwatch to established time required to raise the water level in the volumetric tank from 3to 7 liters. RESULTS FLOW RATES (L/s)| FLOW VELOCITY AT DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT POINTS (10-3 m/s)| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 0. 137| 2. 16| 3. 45| 8. 0| 5. 91| 2. 98| 2. 16| 0. 122| I. 93| 3. 07| 7. 92| 5. 26| 2. 65| 1. 93| 0. 094| 1. 48| 2. 37| 6. 10| 4. 05| 2. 04| 1. 48| 0. 114| 1. 80| 2. 87| 7. 40| 4. 91| 2. 48| 1. 80| 0. 116| 1. 83| 2. 92| 7. 53| 5. 00| 2. 5 2| 1. 83| VOLUME(L)| TIME(s)| FLOW RATES(L/s)| 3| 21. 90| 0. 137| 4| 32. 78| 0. 122| 5| 53. 19| 0. 094| 6| 52. 85| 0. 114| 7| 101. 50| 0. 116| POINT (I)| Di(mm)| A(10-4 m2)| 1| 284| 633| 2| 225| 397| 3| 140| 154| 4| 172| 232| 5| 242| 460| 6| 284| 633| GRAPH DISCUSSION it is known that water is a fluid and all fluids have the properties to take shape of the container or wherever they are stored or flow through.Since the fluid cosses through a given path for duration of time there have to be a pressure lose due to the path design or distance or width. Bernoulli’s principle states that if the rate of flow of the fluid is high the pressure will be low and if the slower rate of flow the fluid exerts more quickly (with pressure). CONCLUSION From the experiment it is found that the difference between the experimental and the calculated value are to high, this could happen due to such factors 1, the reading was not taken accurately or either not taken to the very decimal point or per haps parallel eye reading. , Bubbles those were trapped on the top of the tube and could not have been released or seen. 3, The recording the data time might not be accurate. 4, The internal resistance of the water , those were not taken into account during the calculation. 5, The pressure at each manometer tube might not be stable before reading was taken due to in accurate air flow or pressure flow. All the factors mentioned above could play a great role in effecting the results. There are many ways to improve reading one way can be repeating the experiment multiple times and get the average.Considering all factors and the comparison between data collected via multiple values the experiment is successful, and it proves Bernoulli’s principle of fluid motion pressure. REFERENCES 1, http://camillasenior. homestead. com/Activities_Showing_Bernoulli_s_Principle. pdf 2, http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/pber. html 3, http://www. princeton. edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bern oulli. html 4, http://mitchellscience. com/bernoulli_principle_animation 5, http://www. scribd. com/doc/68038037/Experiment-Bernoulli

Free Essays on Kennedy & Nixon

KENNEDY AND NIXON BY CHRISTOPHER MATTHEWS REACTION PAPER I see don’t see the book as a bias but the author is always having something good about the both presidents. The author is just trying to talk about two guys who were once buddies then all of a sudden rivalries in politics, and that they both revolutionized the post war America. I have read some other books about Kennedy and they have explained how careless he was in his high school years, and how he never thought of politics and also how he behaved like a screwed up rich kid in his college years. The author never admitted about this but he at least talked about how charming he was and how every girls liked him. I agreed with the author when he explained how easily Kennedy got a chance to run in congress in the Democratic Party by his father who was a rich man and he gave the campaign money to make his son run for the Congress. Nixon was not rich like Kennedy but he was very lucky that he got a call from one of his friends asking him to run for the republican party. During Nixon’s run in the Campaign, his family was broke and had to leave their house in California. I see the author trying to explain the difference between these two former presidents, the author views Nixon as a hard working man that never gives up and has always something to look for and was not really popular much before becoming a president, and Kennedy is a charm, bright young man who does not work as hard as Nixon and also probably not as smart as Nixon might be, but he was a guy who is always popular and gets a lot attention from people, especially women. The one aspect of this book that really impressed me was the detail the author put into describing the campaign strategies of each man. I don’t find this author as a bias because he actually describes it pretty well and is not totally one sided with his statements. The author does an exemplary job of showin... Free Essays on Kennedy & Nixon Free Essays on Kennedy & Nixon KENNEDY AND NIXON BY CHRISTOPHER MATTHEWS REACTION PAPER I see don’t see the book as a bias but the author is always having something good about the both presidents. The author is just trying to talk about two guys who were once buddies then all of a sudden rivalries in politics, and that they both revolutionized the post war America. I have read some other books about Kennedy and they have explained how careless he was in his high school years, and how he never thought of politics and also how he behaved like a screwed up rich kid in his college years. The author never admitted about this but he at least talked about how charming he was and how every girls liked him. I agreed with the author when he explained how easily Kennedy got a chance to run in congress in the Democratic Party by his father who was a rich man and he gave the campaign money to make his son run for the Congress. Nixon was not rich like Kennedy but he was very lucky that he got a call from one of his friends asking him to run for the republican party. During Nixon’s run in the Campaign, his family was broke and had to leave their house in California. I see the author trying to explain the difference between these two former presidents, the author views Nixon as a hard working man that never gives up and has always something to look for and was not really popular much before becoming a president, and Kennedy is a charm, bright young man who does not work as hard as Nixon and also probably not as smart as Nixon might be, but he was a guy who is always popular and gets a lot attention from people, especially women. The one aspect of this book that really impressed me was the detail the author put into describing the campaign strategies of each man. I don’t find this author as a bias because he actually describes it pretty well and is not totally one sided with his statements. The author does an exemplary job of showin...

American History Timeline From 1860 to 1870

American History Timeline From 1860 to 1870 1860 February 27, 1860: Abraham Lincoln, a lawyer from Springfield, Illinois, gave a speech at Cooper Union in New York City. Lincoln delivered a forceful and well-reasoned argument against the spread of slavery and became an overnight star and a leading candidate for the upcoming presidential election.March 11, 1860: Abraham Lincoln visited the Five Points, the most notorious slum in America. He spent time with children at a Sunday school, and an account of his visit later appeared in newspapers during his presidential campaign.Summer 1860: Candidates did not actively participate in campaigning in the mid-1800s, though Lincolns campaign used posters and other images to inform and win over voters.July 13, 1860: Albert Hicks, a pirate convicted of murder, was hanged on present-day Liberty Island in New York Harbor before thousands of spectators.August 13, 1860: Annie Oakley, sharpshooter who became an entertainment phenomenon, was born in Ohio.November 6, 1860: Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States. December 20, 1860: In response to Lincolns election, the state of South Carolina issued an Ordinance of Secession and declared it is leaving the Union. Other states would follow. 1861 March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as the president of the United States.April 12, 1861: In the harbor at Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Sumter was attacked by Confederate guns.May 24, 1861: Death of Col. Elmer Ellsworth, an event which energized the North in the war effort.Summer and Fall, 1861: Thaddeus Lowe began the U.S. Army Balloon Corps, in which aeronauts ascended in balloons to view enemy troops.December 13, 1861: Prince Albert, the husband of Britains Queen Victoria, died at the age of 42. 1862 May 2, 1862: Death of writer and naturalist Henry David Thoreau, author of Walden.September 17, 1862: The Battle of Antietam  was fought in western Maryland. It becomes known as Americas Bloodiest Day.October 1862: Photographs taken by Alexander Gardner  were put on public display at Mathew Bradys gallery in New York City. The public was shocked by the carnage depicted in the photographic prints. 1863 January 1, 1863: President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.July 1-3, 1863: The epic Battle of Gettysburg  was fought in Pennsylvania.July 13, 1863: The New York Draft Riots began, and continue for several days.October 3, 1863: President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring a Day of Thanksgiving to he observed on the last Thursday in November.November 19, 1863: President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address while dedicating a military cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. 1864 January 3, 1864: Death of Archbishop John Hughes, an immigrant priest who became a political force in New York City.May 13, 1864: The first burial took place at Arlington National Cemetery.November 8, 1864: Abraham Lincoln won a second term as president, defeating General George McClellan in the election of 1864. 1865 January 16, 1865: General William Tecumseh Sherman issued Special Field Orders, No. 15, which was interpreted as a promise to provide forty acres and a mule to each family of freed slaves.January 31, 1865: The Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in America, was passed by the United States Congress.March 4, 1865: Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated for his second term as president of the United States. Lincolns second inaugural address is remembered as one of his most notable speeches.April 14, 1865: President Abraham Lincoln was shot at Fords Theatre and died the next morning.Summer 1865: The Freedmens Bureau, a new federal agency designed to help the freed slaves, began operation. 1866 Summer 1866: The Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of Union veterans, was formed. 1867 March 17, 1867: The annual parade for St. Patricks Day in New York City was marred by violent clashes. In the following years, the tone of the parade was changed and it became a symbol of the emerging political power of the New York Irish. 1868 March 1868: The Erie Railroad War, a bizarre Wall Street struggle to control shares of a railroad, played out in the newspapers. The protagonists were Jay Gould, Jim Fisk, and Cornelius Vanderbilt.May 30, 1868: The first Decoration Day  was observed in the United States. The graves of Civil War veterans were decorated with flowers at Arlington National Cemetery and other cemeteries.February 1868: Novelist and politician Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister of Britain for the first time.Summer, 1868: Writer and naturalist John Muir arrived in Yosemite Valley for the first time. 1869 March 4, 1869: Ulysses S. Grant  was inaugurated as president of the United States of America.September 24, 1869: A scheme by Wall Street operators Jay Gould and Jim Fisk to corner the gold market nearly took down the entire U.S. economy in what became known as Black Friday.October 16, 1869: A weird discovery on an upstate New York farm became a sensation as the Cardiff Giant. The huge stone man turned out to be a hoax, but still fascinated a public which seemed to want a diversion.

Airline regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Airline regulation - Essay Example deregulation of the industry, it is reported that many airline companies have opted to merge or engage in airline alliance, which are characterized as virtual mergers to circumvent government restrictions (Doganis, â€Å"Flying Off Course†). An implication of these mergers is that the few surviving consolidated airline companies may exhibit oligopolistic behavior. This may include monopolizing of routes and charging excessive rates for some fares. In this regard, the industry competition is somehow diminished. Other airline companies may experience substantial profit reduction as their service offerings become relatively less competitive as compared to big industry players. In view of the above, the government must intervene by implementing policies that would promote competition within the airline industry. By enforcing policies such as the prohibition of oligopolistic/monopolistic business practice, the government is able to promote greater efficiency in the market (Samuelson & Nordhaus). As the government deregulated the airline industry, airlines have become better equipped in negotiating their operating arrangements with different airports as well as their entry and exit routes. Furthermore, these airline companies have become better in levying airfares and supply flight based on market demand (Doganis, â€Å"The Airline Business†). The deregulation boded well for both airline companies and their customers. However, with the anti-competitive practices discussed above, the objective of the deregulation is being violated. Given this, the government should somehow tighten its control over the industry such that competition and consumer welfare are promoted. With the September 11 attacks, the airline industry experienced economic shock as people became traumatized of flying. Furthermore, security restrictions rendered traveling more difficult. Considering this, thousands of employees were laid off as major airlines filed for bankruptcy. To address

Business studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business studies - Essay Example As an employer, Mark Quinn looks almost ideal as he does not blast the careless carpenter with expletives for ruining a certain angle in the drawer. In short, RAFT has a working advantage over its competitors. It assumes a humble attitude to business building and not only showcases it in its marketing and human resource management departments, but extends it to the accounting and finance department. RAFT has efficiently attained the balance between attending to challenges in its external environment and conjuring new ideas to create profit. It is important to understand the new business model and ideology to be able to frame the case completely. On undertaking a SWOT analysis of the case, we shall agree with what Mark Quinn has to say. The human resource management department has a couple of interesting strengths like skilled employee base and focused staff who do their work diligently and ensure that orders are churned out at sustainable speeds. The performance can be enhanced in terms of quality and speed through subsequent training. The accounting and finance department would do well with more ecommerce and franchisee centers, although it has been able to tide over the aftermath of Recession and enjoy steady annual profit. The marketing of the brand is sturdy, with a conviction in design and a negation of existing flaws. Its green marketing initiative supercedes its societal marketing initiative in a subtle way. There is also the evergreen scope of improving and creating new product designs using better ideas. But i s this enough? While everything looks so picture perfect, parts of the business that need strengthening are the design, skill, and sustainability aspects. The designs can definitely be much better since customers are likely to tire out of the rugged finish of recycled teak in repeating product cycles, when they find them in stores in the same design over and over again. Designing new models, therefore, is a challenge that

Final Assignment - Critical thinking Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final - Critical thinking - Assignment Example Besides, critical thinking enables people to demonstrate the importance and relevance of their ideas and reflect on their justifications of values and beliefs (Nukui, 2007). Therefore, critical thinking guides decision-making process and enables human being to construe concerns from possible actions. Critical thinking course is a crucial component of the curriculum and student development. The course curriculum enhances cognitive values and nurtures skills in decision-making. The course equips and enriches interpersonal skills and conflict resolution aids. Therefore, critical thinking course facilitates a proper training on the importance of rational behavior in the pursuit of sustainable global development. The critical thinking course sets apart peoples future professionalism. Notably, the course advanced students knowledge to embrace diversity and challenges. Besides, benefits of critical thinking course evidences in peoples analytical skills, nature of arguments presentations, and judiciousness in attempting academic puzzles. The clear understanding of barriers to communication and critical thinking further stamps the significance of the course to the school life. In regards to dealing with arguments, the course provided a precise analysis of the types of cases. Critical thinking enhances analysis of reasons, application of standards and making of conclusive decisions based on sound reasoning and premises. Arguments are good or bad depending on the context, premises of thoughts and applied strategies. They include statements by individuals on a given topic or issue of debate. Good arguments comprise of inductive and deductive arguments. Good deductive arguments provide the basis for truth in conclusions while good inductive arguments guarantee probable suppositions (Nukui, 2007). A bad argument refers to the fallacious or misleading arguments. The type of case usually facilitates persuasive conclusions through illicit procedure of argumentation.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and New Stadium Essay Example for Free

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and New Stadium Essay Tottenham Hotspurs, Plc. This certain case has many different possibilities for evaluation which gives it much complexity and much liberty while evaluating it. The soccer business sure has a certain relation with the performance and their revenues which makes it highly unstable when speaking of forecasted income of the club. We must first value the firm at its current position in order to be able to value as compared to acquiring the new stadium and obtaining a new goal scorer. In order to do so we must evaluate the company by creating a Discounted Cash Flow analysis projecting the expected future revenues in the same current strategy which they are in. We would then lay out the future expected cash inflows with no initial cash out flow laid out due to the fact that they have already covered their initial expenses. We must take into account the growth rates that are expected for our liabilities such as capital expenditures, player salaries, depreciation, and such. We must then evaluate the growth rates for the cash inflows for the revenues expected due from increased ticket prices, product sales, sponsorship and televising their games. We must then implement these rates and growth in numbers to evaluate the future position a number of years down the line. We could then evaluate the current capital structure and their cost of capital in order to determine whether they are fairly valued and obtain a second analysis to compare with. We have sufficient data such as their beta and stock returns in the market in order for us to evaluate these numbers. The case also contains the current risk free rate which is needed when using the Capital Asset Pricing Model in order to obtain the cost of equity of the firm. After performing a multiples analysis we can then compare the two analyses and determined whether the firm is fairly valued. If it is then great, but if not then we have an even greater reason for Tottenham to look into the building of a new stadium. Now that we have their current position we must conduct an analysis regarding the â€Å"what if† the company obtained the new stadium and invested in a new striker. In order to do the following we must take into consideration the initial cash out flow of the new stadium and the two years that the company has to pay it given the current financial situation and their cash excess which is mentioned in the case. Once we have this we can then forecast a pessimistic, a mediocre, and a pessimistic evaluation of their ticket sales and create multiple cash flows which consider the growth rates of all of the costs and revenues that the company will incur given this following move. Once we have this analysis we can then create the same analysis given that we stay in the same stadium, but we invest in a new striker (optimistic, mediocre, pessimistic). Once we obtain the cash flows from the two options mentioned before, we can then infuse both cash flows and compare the position of the company if they were to take the options which they have available to them. We must also play into consideration that the competition of the league has a huge impact on the results of Tottenham as they can have a huge influence on them. For example, Manchester United invests in the so called next big thing in football or one team is on the rise.

Mary Baker Eddy: Her indelible mark :: essays research papers

Mary Baker Eddy Mary Baker Eddy, http://www.marybakereddy.org, born in rural New England in the 1800's, overcame many hurdles to become an acclaimed author, publisher, and religious leader whose impact is still being felt today. In 1995, she was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame for â€Å"making an indelible mark on society, religion, and journalism.† How did this independent New England woman rise from obscurity to become, as Human Life magazine described in 1907, "the most famous, interesting and powerful woman in America, if not the world, today"? Eddy (1821-1910) was born and raised on a farm near Concord, New Hampshire, in the United States. Because of many bouts of illness, she received most of her education at home, sometimes with the help her brother, Albert, a student at Dartmouth College. This turned out to be an advantage, given the many restrictions on women’s education in 19th century America. She experienced some difficult years as a young woman. She was widowed (and pregnant) six months into her first marriage. Some six years later, her family, thinking her rambunctious son was too taxing for her, removed him from her and sent him to live with foster parents. Hoping to regain a stable home life for herself and her son, she married again, but eventually divorced her unfaithful second husband. In poor health during much of this time, she experimented with allopathic medicine and alternative therapies -- particularly with homeopathy. She was seeking an understanding of the relationship between mind, body, and spirit. Simultaneously, she continued a life-long study of the Bible searching to uncover its promise of spiritual healing. In 1866, at age 44, in what marked a turning point, she was healed of a life-threatening accident through spiritual insights gained from the Bible. Over the next few years she studied the Scriptures deeply, looking for a spiritual system behind the healing works of Christ Jesus. She tested what she was learning by healing other people, including some considered medically incurable. She also taught others to heal using this system, which she later called: "Christian Science." She called it "Science" because she saw it as the provable, universal laws of God. Eddy emphasized both the motherhood and fatherhood of God in her teachings. Later, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the women's rights activist, published "The Woman's Bible," also referring to God as the "Heavenly Mother and Father." Because Eddy's ideas seemed so radical, challenging conventional, theological views, she faced much opposition and prejudice.